I-alloy yokushisa ephezulu ibizwa nangokuthi i-alloy yamandla okushisa. Ngokwesakhiwo se-matrix, izinto zokwakha zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezintathu: i-iron-based nickel-based kanye ne-chromium-based. Ngokwemodi yokukhiqiza, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-superalloy ekhubazekile kanye ne-cast superalloy.
Kuyimpahla eluhlaza engabalulekile emkhakheni we-aerospace. Kuyinto ebalulekile engxenyeni eshisa kakhulu ye-aerospace kanye nezinjini zokukhiqiza zezindiza. Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukukhiqiza igumbi elivuthayo, i-turbine blade, i-guide blade, i-compressor ne-turbine disk, i-turbine case nezinye izingxenye. Izinga lokushisa lesevisi liyi-600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Ukucindezeleka kanye nezimo zemvelo ziyahlukahluka ngezingxenye ezisetshenzisiwe. Kunezidingo eziqinile zezakhiwo zemishini, zomzimba kanye namakhemikhali we-alloy. Yisici esinqumayo sokusebenza, ukwethembeka kanye nempilo yenjini. Ngakho-ke, i-superalloy ingenye yamaphrojekthi abalulekile ocwaningo emkhakheni we-aerospace nokuvikela izwe emazweni athuthukile.
Izicelo eziyinhloko zama-superalloys yilezi:
1. I-alloy yokushisa ephezulu yegumbi elivuthayo
Igumbi elivuthayo (eyaziwa nangokuthi ishubhu le-flame) lenjini ye-turbine yendiza ingenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Njengoba i-atomization kaphethiloli, ukuxuba uwoyela negesi nezinye izinqubo zenziwa ekamelweni elivuthayo, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme ekamelweni lomlilo lingafinyelela ku-1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, futhi izinga lokushisa lodonga ekamelweni lomlilo lingafinyelela ku-1100 ℃. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphinde ithwale ukucindezeleka okushisayo nokucindezeleka kwegesi. Izinjini eziningi ezine-high thrust/weight ratio zisebenzisa ama-annular combustion chamber, anobude obufushane namandla okushisa aphezulu. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ekamelweni elivuthayo lifinyelela ku-2000 ℃, futhi izinga lokushisa lodonga lifinyelela ku-1150 ℃ ngemva kwefilimu yegesi noma ukupholisa umusi. Ama-gradients okushisa amakhulu phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene azokhiqiza ukucindezeleka okushisayo, okuzokhuphuka futhi kwehla kakhulu lapho isimo sokusebenza sishintsha. Impahla izoba ngaphansi kokushaqeka okushisayo kanye nomthwalo wokukhathala oshisayo, futhi kuzoba nokuhlanekezela, ukuqhekeka namanye amaphutha. Ngokuvamile, igumbi lomlilo lenziwe nge-alloy sheet, futhi izidingo zobuchwepheshe zifingqiwe kanje ngokuya ngemibandela yesevisi yezingxenye ezithile: inokumelana okuthile kwe-oxidation kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwegesi ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenzisa i-alloy ephezulu yokushisa negesi; Inamandla athile asheshayo kanye nokukhuthazela, ukusebenza kokukhathala okushisayo kanye ne-coefficient ephansi yokwandisa; Ine-plasticity eyanele kanye nekhono lokushisela ukuqinisekisa ukucubungula, ukwakha nokuxhumana; Inokuqina okuhle kwenhlangano ngaphansi komjikelezo oshisayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuthembekile ngaphakathi kwempilo yesevisi.
a. I-MA956 ingxubevange ye-laminate enezimbotshana
Ekuqaleni, i-laminate enezimbotshana yayenziwe ngeshidi lengxubevange ye-HS-188 ngokuxhumanisa i-diffusion ngemva kokuthwetshulwa, kugxilwe, kugotshwe nokushaywa ngesibhakela. Isendlalelo esingaphakathi singenziwa sibe isiteshi sokupholisa esifanele ngokuvumelana nezidingo zokuklama. Lesi sakhiwo sokupholisa sidinga kuphela u-30% wegesi yokupholisa yokupholisa ifilimu yendabuko, engathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komjikelezo oshisayo wenjini, inciphise amandla okushisa angempela wempahla yegumbi lomlilo, inciphise isisindo, futhi ikhulise isisindo isilinganiso. Okwamanje, kusadingeka ukugqobhoza ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile ngaphambi kokuthi busetshenziswe ngendlela engokoqobo. I-laminate enezimbotshana eyenziwe nge-MA956 iyisizukulwane esisha sempahla yegumbi elivuthayo eyethulwe yi-United States, engasetshenziswa ku-1300 ℃.
b. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela ze-ceramic ekamelweni elivuthayo
I-United States isiqalile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa izitsha zobumba ezinjinini zegesi kusukela ngo-1971. Ngo-1983, amanye amaqembu ahlanganyela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezithuthukisiwe e-United States enze uchungechunge lwezinkomba zokusebenza kwezinjini zegesi ezisetshenziswa ezindizeni eziphambili. Lezi zinkomba yilezi: nyusa izinga lokushisa le-turbine inlet libe ngu-2200 ℃; Sebenza ngaphansi kwesimo sokusha sokubala kwamakhemikhali; Yehlisa ukuminyana okusetshenziswe kulezi zingxenye kusuka ku-8g/cm3 kuya ku-5g/cm3; Khansela ukupholisa izingxenye. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalezi zidingo, izinto ezifundwayo zifaka i-graphite, i-metal matrix, izinhlanganisela ze-ceramic matrix kanye nezinhlanganisela ze-intermetallic ngaphezu kwe-ceramics yesigaba esisodwa. Izinhlanganisela ze-Ceramic matrix (CMC) zinezinzuzo ezilandelayo:
I-coefficient yokwandisa yezinto ze-ceramic incane kakhulu kune-alloy-based alloy, futhi ukunamathela kulula ukuxebuka. Ukwenza izinhlanganisela ze-ceramic ngensimbi ephakathi nendawo ezwakalayo kunganqoba isici sokuvuleka, okuyisiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zegumbi lomlilo. Le nto ingasetshenziswa ngomoya opholisayo ongu-10% - 20%, futhi izinga lokushisa lokufakwa emuva kwensimbi lingaba ngu-800 ℃ kuphela, futhi izinga lokushisa elithwala ukushisa liphansi kakhulu kunalelo lokupholisa okuhlukene nokupholisa ifilimu. Ithayela elivikelayo le-Cast superalloy B1900+ceramic coating lisetshenziswa enjinini ye-V2500, futhi inkombandlela yokuthuthukisa iwukuba esikhundleni sethayela le-B1900 (nge-ceramic coating) ngenhlanganisela esekelwe ku-SiC noma i-anti-oxidation C/C eyinhlanganisela. Inhlanganisela ye-Ceramic matrix iyisici sokuthuthukiswa kwegumbi lomlilo lenjini elinesisindo se-thrust esingu-15-20, futhi izinga lokushisa layo lesevisi ngu-1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. Isetshenziselwa amashubhu omlilo, udonga oluntantayo kanye ne-afterburner.
2. I-alloy yokushisa ephezulu ye-turbine
I-Aero-injini ye-turbine blade ingenye yezingxenye ezithwala umthwalo onzima kakhulu wokushisa kanye nendawo yokusebenza embi kakhulu enjini ye-aero. Kufanele ithwale ukucindezeleka okukhulu kakhulu futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu, ngakho izidingo zayo zezinto ezibonakalayo ziqinile kakhulu. Ama-superalloys ama-aero-injini ye-turbine blades ahlukaniswe abe:
a.High lokushisa ingxubevange for guide
I-deflector ingenye yezingxenye ze-turbine injini ezithinteka kakhulu ukushisa. Lapho ukushiswa okungalingani kwenzeka ekamelweni elivuthayo, umthwalo wokushisa we-vane yesiteji sokuqala mkhulu, okuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokulimala kwe-vane yomhlahlandlela. Izinga lokushisa layo lensizakalo licishe libe ngu-100 ℃ ngaphezu kwalelo lensingo ye-turbine. Umehluko wukuthi izingxenye ezimile azikho ngaphansi komthwalo wemishini. Ngokuvamile, kulula ukubangela ukucindezeleka okushisayo, ukuhlanekezela, ukuqhuma kokukhathala okushisayo kanye nokushiswa kwendawo okubangelwa ukushintsha okusheshayo kwezinga lokushisa. I-vane alloy yomhlahlandlela izoba nalezi zakhiwo ezilandelayo: amandla okushisa aphezulu anele, ukusebenza kahle kokukhasa okungapheli kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhathala okushisayo, ukumelana ne-oxidation ephezulu nokusebenza kokugqwala okushisayo, ukucindezeleka okushisayo nokumelana nokudlidliza, ikhono lokugoba lokugoba, ukusebenza kahle kokubunjwa kwenqubo yokuphonsa kanye nokushisela, kanye nokusebenza kokuvikela ukunamathela.
Njengamanje, izinjini ezithuthuke kakhulu ezine-high thrust/weight ratio zisebenzisa ama-cast cast blade, futhi kukhethwa ama-superalloy asuselwa ku-nickel aqondisayo kanye ne-crystal eyodwa. Injini ene-high thrust-weight ratio inezinga lokushisa eliphezulu elingu-1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ futhi idinga ukuvikelwa ngokufakwa kokushisa okushisayo. Izinga lokushisa lesevisi ye-blade alloy ngaphansi kwezimo zokupholisa kanye nokuvikela ukunamathela lingaphezu kuka-1100 ℃, okubeka phambili izidingo ezintsha neziphakeme zezindleko zokuminyana kwezinga lokushisa kwensiza ye-guide blade esikhathini esizayo.
b. Ama-Superalloys ama-turbine blades
Ama-turbine blades ayizingxenye eziyinhloko ezithwala ukushisa ezijikelezayo zezinjini ze-aero. Izinga lokushisa labo lokusebenza liyi-50 ℃ - 100 ℃ ngaphansi kunama-guide blades. Zithwala ingcindezi enkulu ye-centrifugal, ingcindezi yokudlidliza, ingcindezi yokushisa, ukushaywa komoya kanye neminye imiphumela lapho ziphenduka, futhi nezimo zokusebenza zimbi. Impilo yesevisi yezingxenye zokuphela ezishisayo zenjini ene-high thrust/weight ratio ingaphezu kuka-2000h. Ngakho-ke, ingxubevange ye-turbine blade izoba nokumelana nokukhuphuka okuphezulu namandla okuphuka ekushiseni kwesevisi, izici ezinhle ezihlanganisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu naphakathi nendawo, njengokukhathala komjikelezo ophezulu nokuphansi, ukukhathala okubandayo nokushisa, ipulasitiki eyanele kanye nokuqina komthelela, kanye nokuzwela kwenotshi; Ukumelana ne-oxidation ephezulu kanye nokumelana nokugqwala; I-conductivity enhle yokushisa kanye ne-coefficient ephansi yokunwetshwa komugqa; Ukusebenza kahle kwenqubo yokulingisa; Ukuzinza kwesakhiwo sesikhathi eside, akukho mvula yesigaba se-TCP kuzinga lokushisa lesevisi. I-alloy esetshenzisiwe idlula izigaba ezine; Izicelo ze-alloy ezikhubazekile zifaka i-GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, njll; Ukusetshenziswa kwe-casting alloy kuhlanganisa i-K403, i-K417, i-K418, i-K405, i-directally solidified gold DZ4, i-DZ22, i-crystal alloy DD3, i-DD8, i-PW1484, njll. Njengamanje, ithuthukiswe esizukulwaneni sesithathu se-crystal alloys eyodwa. I-single crystal alloy DD3 kanye ne-DD8 yaseShayina isetshenziswa ngokulandelana kumaturbine aseShayina, izinjini ze-turbofan, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane nezinjini zomkhumbi.
3. I-alloy yokushisa ephezulu ye-turbine disk
I-turbine disk iyingxenye ezungezayo egcizelelwe kakhulu yenjini yomshini wophephela. Izinga lokushisa elisebenzayo le-wheel flange ye-injini ene-thrust weight ratio ye-8 no-10 ifinyelela ku-650 ℃ no-750 ℃, futhi izinga lokushisa lesikhungo samasondo lingaba ngu-300 ℃, nomehluko omkhulu wokushisa. Ngesikhathi sokujikeleza okuvamile, ishayela i-blade ukuthi ijikeleze ngesivinini esikhulu futhi ithwala amandla amakhulu we-centrifugal, ukucindezeleka okushisayo nokucindezeleka kokudlidliza. Isiqalo nesitobhi ngasinye siwumjikelezo, isikhungo samasondo. Umphimbo, i-groove phansi kanye nomphetho konke kunezingcindezi eziyinhlanganisela ehlukene. Ingxubevange iyadingeka ukuze ibe namandla aphezulu esivuno, ukuqina komthelela kanye nokungezwani kwenotshi ezingeni lokushisa lesevisi; I-coefficient yokwandisa yomugqa ophansi; I-oxidation ethile kanye nokumelana nokugqwala; Ukusebenza okuhle kokusika.
4. I-Aerospace superalloy
I-superalloy enjini ye-rocket ye-liquid isetshenziswa njengephaneli ye-fuel injector yegumbi elivuthayo ekamelweni lokuphonsa; Indololwane yepompo ye-turbine, i-flange, i-graphite rudder fastener, njll. I-alloy yokushisa ephezulu enjini ye-rocket ewuketshezi isetshenziswa njengephaneli yokujova egunjini likaphethiloli ekamelweni lokuphonsela; Indololwane yepompo ye-turbine, i-flange, i-graphite rudder fastener, njll. I-GH4169 isetshenziswa njengempahla ye-turbine rotor, shaft, umkhono we-shaft, i-fastener nezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile zokuthwala.
Izinto ze-turbine rotor zenjini yerokhethi ewuketshezi yaseMelika ikakhulukazi zifaka ipayipi lokungenisa, i-turbine blade nediski. Ingxubevange ye-GH1131 isetshenziswa kakhulu e-China, futhi i-turbine blade incike ekushiseni okusebenzayo. I-Inconel x, i-Alloy713c, i-Astroloy ne-Mar-M246 kufanele isetshenziswe ngokulandelana; Izinto ze-wheel disc zifaka i-Inconel 718, i-Waspaloy, njll. I-GH4169 kanye ne-GH4141 amaturbine abalulekile asetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi i-GH2038A isetshenziselwa shaft yenjini.