Ingxubevange yokushisa okuphezulu ibizwa nangokuthi ingxubevange yamandla okushisa. Ngokwesakhiwo se-matrix, izinto zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: ingxubevange esekelwe ku-nickel esekelwe ku-iron kanye nengxubevange esekelwe ku-chromium. Ngokwendlela yokukhiqiza, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-superalloy ekhubazekile kanye ne-cast superalloy.
Kuyinto eluhlaza ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezindiza. Yinto ebalulekile engxenyeni yokushisa ephezulu yezinjini zokukhiqiza izindiza nezindiza. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni igumbi lokushisa, i-turbine blade, i-guide blade, i-compressor ne-turbine disk, i-turbine case nezinye izingxenye. Ububanzi bokushisa kwesevisi bungu-600 ℃ - 1200 ℃. Izimo zokucindezeleka kanye nezemvelo ziyahlukahluka ngezingxenye ezisetshenziswayo. Kunezidingo eziqinile zezakhiwo ze-alloy ezisebenza ngomshini, ngokomzimba namakhemikhali. Kuyisici esinqumayo sokusebenza, ukuthembeka kanye nokuphila kwenjini. Ngakho-ke, i-superalloy ingenye yamaphrojekthi ocwaningo abalulekile emikhakheni yezindiza kanye nokuvikela izwe emazweni athuthukile.
Izicelo eziyinhloko zama-superalloys yilezi:
1. Ingxubevange yokushisa ephezulu yegumbi lokushisa
Ikamelo lokushiswa (elaziwa nangokuthi i-flame tube) lenjini ye-turbine yendiza lingenye yezingxenye ezibalulekile zokushisa okuphezulu. Njengoba i-atomization kaphethiloli, ukuxuba uwoyela negesi nezinye izinqubo zenziwa ekamelweni lokushiswa, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ekamelweni lokushiswa lingafinyelela ku-1500 ℃ - 2000 ℃, kanti izinga lokushisa lodonga ekamelweni lokushiswa lingafinyelela ku-1100 ℃. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, liphinde lithwale ukucindezeleka kokushisa kanye nokucindezeleka kwegesi. Izinjini eziningi ezinesilinganiso sokushukuma/isisindo esiphezulu zisebenzisa amakamelo okushiswa anyakazayo, anobude obufushane kanye nomthamo wokushisa ophezulu. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ekamelweni lokushiswa lifinyelela ku-2000 ℃, kanti izinga lokushisa lodonga lifinyelela ku-1150 ℃ ngemva kwefilimu yegesi noma ukupholisa ngomusi. Ukuphakama okukhulu kokushisa phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene kuzodala ukucindezeleka kokushisa, okuzokhuphuka futhi kwehle kakhulu lapho isimo sokusebenza sishintsha. Izinto zizoba ngaphansi kokushaqeka kokushisa kanye nomthwalo wokukhathala kokushisa, futhi kuzoba nokuphambuka, imifantu kanye nezinye izinkinga. Ngokuvamile, igumbi lokushiswa lenziwe nge-alloy yeshidi, futhi izidingo zobuchwepheshe zifingqiwe kanjena ngokuya ngezimo zesevisi zezingxenye ezithile: linokumelana okuthile kwe-oxidation kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwegesi ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenzisa i-alloy negesi enokushisa okuphezulu; Linamandla athile asheshayo nokukhuthazela, ukusebenza kokukhathala kokushisa kanye ne-coefficient ephansi yokukhulisa; Linamandla anele e-plasticity kanye ne-weld ukuqinisekisa ukucubungula, ukwakheka kanye nokuxhumana; Linokuqina okuhle kwenhlangano ngaphansi komjikelezo wokushisa ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile ngaphakathi kwempilo yesevisi.
a. I-laminate enezimbobo ze-MA956 alloy
Esigabeni sokuqala, i-laminate enezimbobo yenziwe ngeshidi le-HS-188 alloy ngokubopha kokusabalalisa ngemva kokuthwetshulwa izithombe, ukuqoshwa, ukugoqwa nokubhobozwa. Ingqimba yangaphakathi ingenziwa ibe isiteshi sokupholisa esifanele ngokwezidingo zomklamo. Lokhu kupholisa kwesakhiwo kudinga kuphela u-30% wegesi yokupholisa yefilimu yendabuko, engathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle komjikelezo wokushisa wenjini, inciphise amandla okuthwala ukushisa angempela ezinto zegumbi lokushisa, inciphise isisindo, futhi inyuse isilinganiso sokuthulula nesisindo. Njengamanje, kusadingeka ukudabula ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile ngaphambi kokuba busetshenziswe ngokoqobo. I-laminate enezimbobo eyenziwe nge-MA956 iyisizukulwane esisha sezinto zegumbi lokushisa ezethulwe yi-United States, ezingasetshenziswa ku-1300 ℃.
b. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela ze-ceramic ekamelweni lokushisa
I-United States isiqalile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa izinto zobumba kuma-turbine egesi kusukela ngo-1971. Ngo-1983, amanye amaqembu abandakanyeka ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezithuthukisiwe e-United States aklame uchungechunge lwezinkomba zokusebenza zama-turbine egesi asetshenziswa ezindizeni ezithuthukisiwe. Lezi zinkomba yilezi: ukwandisa izinga lokushisa lokungena kwe-turbine liye ku-2200 ℃; Ukusebenza ngaphansi kwesimo sokushiswa kokubalwa kwamakhemikhali; Nciphisa ubuningi obusetshenziswa kulezi zingxenye kusuka ku-8g/cm3 kuya ku-5g/cm3; Khansela ukupholisa izingxenye. Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalezi zidingo, izinto ezifundwe zifaka phakathi i-graphite, i-metal matrix, i-ceramic matrix composites kanye nama-intermetallic compounds ngaphezu kwe-single-phase ceramics. I-Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) inezinzuzo ezilandelayo:
I-coefficient yokwandisa yezinto ze-ceramic incane kakhulu kuneye-alloy esekelwe ku-nickel, futhi uqweqwe kulula ukulukhipha. Ukwenza izinhlanganisela ze-ceramic nge-felt yensimbi ephakathi kunganqoba iphutha lokuqhekeka, okuyisiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zegumbi lokushiswa. Lokhu kungasetshenziswa ngomoya opholile ongu-10% - 20%, kanti izinga lokushisa lokufakwa kwensimbi ngemuva licishe libe ngu-800 ℃ kuphela, futhi izinga lokushisa elithwala ukushisa liphansi kakhulu kunelokupholisa okuhlukahlukene kanye nokupholisa ifilimu. Ithayela elivikelayo le-Cast superalloy B1900+ceramic coating lisetshenziswa enjinini ye-V2500, futhi isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa ukufaka esikhundleni sethayela le-B1900 (nge-ceramic coating) nge-SiC-based composite noma i-anti-oxidation C/C composite. I-Ceramic matrix composite iyinto yokuthuthukiswa kwegumbi lokushiswa kwenjini enesilinganiso sesisindo se-thrust esingu-15-20, futhi izinga lokushisa layo lenkonzo lingu-1538 ℃ - 1650 ℃. Isetshenziselwa ishubhu lomlilo, udonga oluntantayo kanye ne-afterburner.
2. Ingxubevange yokushisa okuphezulu ye-turbine
I-Aero-engine turbine blade ingenye yezingxenye ezithwala umthwalo wokushisa onzima kakhulu kanye nendawo yokusebenza embi kakhulu enjinini ye-aero. Kufanele ithwale ukucindezeleka okukhulu kakhulu nokuyinkimbinkimbi ngaphansi kokushisa okuphezulu, ngakho-ke izidingo zayo zezinto ziqinile kakhulu. Ama-superalloy ama-aero-engine turbine blades ahlukaniswe kanje:
a. Ingxubevange yokushisa okuphezulu yomhlahlandlela
I-deflector ingenye yezingxenye zenjini ye-turbine ezithinteka kakhulu ukushisa. Uma kwenzeka ukusha okungalingani ekamelweni lokusha, umthwalo wokushisa we-guide vane yesigaba sokuqala mkhulu, okuyimbangela eyinhloko yomonakalo we-guide vane. Izinga lokushisa layo lesevisi liphakeme cishe ngo-100 ℃ kunele-blade ye-turbine. Umehluko ukuthi izingxenye ezimile azithwali umthwalo womshini. Ngokuvamile, kulula ukubangela ukucindezeleka kokushisa, ukuphambuka, ukuqhekeka kokukhathala kokushisa kanye nokushiswa kwendawo okubangelwa ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa okusheshayo. I-guide vane alloy kufanele ibe nezakhiwo ezilandelayo: amandla okushisa aphezulu anele, ukusebenza kahle kokuqhekeka okungapheli kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhathala kokushisa, ukumelana okuphezulu kwe-oxidation kanye nokusebenza kokugqwala kokushisa, ukucindezeleka kokushisa kanye nokumelana nokudlidliza, ikhono lokugoba lokuguquguquka, ukusebenza okuhle kokubumba inqubo yokukhipha kanye nokushibilika, kanye nokusebenza kokuvikela ukumboza.
Njengamanje, izinjini eziningi ezithuthukisiwe ezinesilinganiso sokushukumisa/isisindo esiphezulu zisebenzisa ama-hollow cast blades, futhi kukhethwa ama-superalloy asekelwe ku-directional kanye ne-single crystal nickel. Injini enesilinganiso sokushukumisa-isisindo esiphezulu inokushisa okuphezulu okungu-1650 ℃ - 1930 ℃ futhi idinga ukuvikelwa nge-thermal insulation coating. Izinga lokushisa le-blade alloy ngaphansi kwezimo zokupholisa nokuvikela ukumboza lingaphezu kuka-1100 ℃, okubeka phambili izidingo ezintsha neziphezulu zezindleko zokushisa kwezinto ze-guide blade esikhathini esizayo.
b. Ama-Superalloy ama-blade e-turbine
Ama-turbine blades ayizingxenye ezibalulekile ezijikelezayo ezithwala ukushisa zezinjini ze-aero. Izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwawo liphansi ngo-50 ℃ - 100 ℃ kune-guide blades. Anengcindezi enkulu ye-centrifugal, ukucindezeleka kokudlidliza, ukucindezeleka kokushisa, ukukhuhla komoya kanye neminye imiphumela lapho ejikeleza, kanti izimo zokusebenza azinhle. Impilo yesevisi yezingxenye ezishisayo zenjini enesilinganiso esiphezulu sokuthulula/isisindo ingaphezu kuka-2000h. Ngakho-ke, i-turbine blade alloy kufanele ibe nokumelana okuphezulu kokuqhekeka kanye namandla okuqhekeka ekushiseni kwesevisi, izakhiwo ezinhle zokushisa okuphezulu nokuphakathi, njengokukhathala komjikelezo okuphezulu nokuphansi, ukukhathala okubandayo nokushisa, i-plasticity eyanele kanye nokuqina komthelela, kanye nokuzwela kwe-notch; Ukumelana okuphezulu kwe-oxidation kanye nokumelana nokugqwala; Ukuqhuba okuhle kokushisa kanye ne-coefficient ephansi yokwanda okuqondile; Ukusebenza okuhle kwenqubo yokukhipha; Ukuzinza kwesakhiwo sesikhathi eside, ukungabikho kwemvula yesigaba se-TCP ekushiseni kwesevisi. I-alloy esetshenzisiwe idlula ezigabeni ezine; Izicelo ze-alloy eziguquliwe zifaka i-GH4033, GH4143, GH4118, njll.; Ukusetshenziswa kwe-alloy yokukhipha kuhlanganisa i-K403, K417, K418, K405, igolide eliqinisiwe eliqondiswe ngqo i-DZ4, i-DZ22, i-alloy yekristalu eyodwa i-DD3, i-DD8, i-PW1484, njll. Njengamanje, isithuthuke yaba yisizukulwane sesithathu se-alloy yekristalu eyodwa. I-alloy yekristalu eyodwa yaseShayina i-DD3 ne-DD8 ngokulandelana isetshenziswa kuma-turbine aseShayina, ezinjinini ze-turbofan, ezindizeni zezindiza kanye nasezinjinini zemikhumbi.
3. Ingxubevange yokushisa okuphezulu yediski ye-turbine
Idiski ye-turbine iyingxenye ejikisayo ejikelezayo yenjini ye-turbine. Izinga lokushisa lokusebenza le-flange yesondo lenjini enesilinganiso sesisindo sokusunduza esingu-8 no-10 sifinyelela ku-650 ℃ no-750 ℃, kanti izinga lokushisa lesikhungo sesondo licishe libe ngu-300 ℃, ngomehluko omkhulu wokushisa. Ngesikhathi sokujikeleza okuvamile, iqhuba i-blade ukuthi ijikeleze ngesivinini esiphezulu futhi ithwala amandla aphezulu e-centrifugal, ukucindezeleka kokushisa kanye nokucindezeleka kokudlidliza. Ukuqala ngakunye nokuma kuyi-cycle, isikhungo sesondo. Umphimbo, phansi komsele kanye nomngcele konke kunezingcindezi ezahlukene ezihlanganisiwe. I-alloy iyadingeka ukuze ibe namandla aphezulu okukhiqiza, ukuqina komthelela kanye nokungabi nokuzwela kwe-notch ekushiseni kwesevisi; I-coefficient yokwandisa eqondile ephansi; Ukumelana okuthile kwe-oxidation kanye nokugqwala; Ukusebenza okuhle kokusika.
4. I-superalloy yezindiza
I-superalloy enjinini yerokhethi eliwuketshezi isetshenziswa njengephaneli yokufaka uphethiloli ekamelweni lokushisa ekamelweni lokuthulula; i-Turbine pump elbow, i-flange, i-graphite rudder fastener, njll. I-alloy yokushisa okuphezulu enjinini yerokhethi eliwuketshezi isetshenziswa njengephaneli yokufaka uphethiloli ekamelweni lokuthulula; i-Turbine pump elbow, i-flange, i-graphite rudder fastener, njll. I-GH4169 isetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha i-turbine rotor, i-shaft, i-shaft sleeve, i-fastener nezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile zokuthwala.
Izinto ze-turbine rotor zenjini ye-rocket ewuketshezi yaseMelika zifaka kakhulu ipayipi lokungenisa, i-turbine blade kanye ne-disk. I-GH1131 alloy isetshenziswa kakhulu eShayina, kanti i-turbine blade incike ekushiseni okusebenzayo. I-Inconel x, i-Alloy713c, i-Astroloy kanye ne-Mar-M246 kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokulandelana; Izinto zediski yamasondo zifaka i-Inconel 718, i-Waspaloy, njll. Ama-turbine ahlanganisiwe e-GH4169 kanye ne-GH4141 asetshenziswa kakhulu, kanti i-GH2038A isetshenziselwa ishaft yenjini.